Private Limited Company Vs. Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP): Key Differences

Private Limited Company Vs. Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP): Key Differences

March 17, 2024
Private Limited Companies and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) emerge as the two most prevalent options. In this blog, we are highlighting the distinctions between these legal structures, providing insights that can empower you to make an informed decision.
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Choosing the right business structure is one of the most critical decisions for entrepreneurs. It lays the foundation for how the business will operate, manage liabilities and raise funds, as well as how stakeholders will perceive it.

Among the many options available, Private Limited Companies (Pvt Ltd) and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) are two of India's most popular and widely adopted structures.

Both these structures offer the advantage of limited liability while being distinct in their governance, ownership, compliance requirements and suitability for different business types.

This blog provides an in-depth comparison of Pvt Ltd companies and LLPs, delving into their features, compliance requirements, taxation and funding options. By the end, you will have a clear understanding of which structure aligns best with your business goals and aspirations.

Table of Contents

Difference Between Limited Liability Partnership and Private Limited Company

The fundamental difference between a Pvt Ltd and an LLP lies in ownership and management. While a Pvt Ltd company is governed by shareholders (owners) and directors (managers), an LLP is managed by partners who own and operate the business. Additionally, compliance requirements, taxation and funding options differ significantly between the two.

Here is a table outlining the difference between LLP and a private limited Company:

Private Limited Company Limited Liability Partnership
Governing Act Governed by the Companies Act Governed by the Limited Liability Partnerships Act
Suitable For Financial Services, Tech Startups, Medium Enterprises Consultancy firms, Professional Services
Shareholders/ Partners Minimum– 2
Maximum– 200
Minimum– 2
Maximum– Unlimited
Minimum Capital Requirement No minimum capital requirement, but it is often advised to set the authorized capital at ₹1,00,000 (One Lakh) No minimum capital requirement, but it is often advisable to consider an initial capital of ₹10,000
Tax Rates The basic tax rate, excluding Surcharge and Cess – 25% The standard fixed rate – 30% on their generated earnings.
Fundraising Easier to raise funds from Investors Raising funds can be challenging
Transfer of Shares Shares can be easily transferred by amending AOA Transfer of partnership rights may require the consent of other partners and is generally more complex
ESOPs Can issue ESOPs to the Employees Unable to issue ESOPs to the Employees
Agreements Duties, Responsibilities, and other basic clauses outlined in MOA and AOA Duties, Responsibilities and other basic clauses outlined in the LLP Agreement
Compliances • More compliance costs
• Mandatory 4 Board Meetings
• Mandatory Statutory Audits
• Mandatory filings include Annual financial statements in form AOC–4 and annual returns in Form MGT–7, etc.
• Less Compliance Costs
• No mandatory Board Meetings
• Statutory Audits are not required if turnover is less than 40 Lakhs or capital contribution is less than 25 Lakhs.
• Mandatory filings include Annual financial statements in Form 8 and annual returns in Form 11.
Registration Company registration is done by SPICe+ form LLP registration is done by FiLLiP form
Name Reservation Company name reservation is made by SPICe+ Part A LLP name reservation is done by LLP–RUN
Dissolution More complex
Can be initiated by filing STK–2 form
Less Complex
Can be initiated by filing the Form 24

While the differences between LLPs and Private Limited Companies are numerous, they share similarities in key aspects:

  • Limited Liability
  • Separate Legal Identity
  • Registration Process with the MCA
  • Perpetual Succession

Let’s understand the key features and registration process in detail for both Private limited companies and LLPs.

What is a Private Limited Company?

A Private Limited Company (Pvt Ltd) is a privately held business entity that operates under the legal framework of the Companies Act of 2013 in India (or similar laws in other countries). It combines the benefits of limited liability protection for its shareholders with certain restrictions to maintain its private nature.

This structure is popular among startups and small to medium-sized enterprises due to its ability to attract investments while offering limited liability protection and operational flexibility.

Features of Pvt Ltd Company

Listing down some key advantages of a Private Limited Company below:

1. Limited Liability

The liability of Shareholders is limited. Personal assets are generally protected from business debts.

2. Separate Legal Entity

A Private Limited Company is considered a distinct legal entity from its owners (shareholders). It can enter into contracts, own property, and sue or be sued in its own name.

3. Ownership

Owned by shareholders who hold shares in the company. Transfer of ownership is facilitated through the buying and selling of shares.

4. Management

Managed by directors who are appointed by the shareholders. The day-to-day operations are overseen by the management team, while major decisions are often subject to shareholder approval.

5. Number of Shareholders

Requires a minimum of two shareholders and can have a maximum of 200 shareholders.

6. Regulation and Compliance

Governed by the Companies Act and regulated by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in India. Compliance includes filing annual financial statements, conducting annual general meetings and maintaining statutory records.

7. Investment and Funding

Easier to attract investment and funding compared to other business structures due to the well-defined ownership structure and limited liability.

8. Perpetual Succession

The company continues to exist even if its shareholders or directors in private limited company change, retire, or pass away. Ownership can be transferred seamlessly through the sale of shares.

Private Limited Company Registration

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has introduced a streamlined process for incorporating companies called the Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically Plus (SPICe+). It consists of two parts: Part A and Part B.

1. Step 1: Acquire a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

• A Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) is a digital method of verifying or attesting documents.
• It is typically issued with one or two-year validity and is mandatory for all witnesses in the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA).
• Class 2 or 3 DSCs can be obtained through listed Government Certifying Agencies (CAs).

2. Step 2: Apply for Name Approval using SPICe+ Part A

• Part A facilitates 'Name Reservation' with two proposed names and one re-submission (RSUB).
• In case of name rejection due to various reasons, a re-filing with the specified fee is required.

Note: Simultaneous application for name approval (Part A) and Incorporation (Part B) through SPICe+ is possible, but only one name can be reserved.

3. Step 3: Apply for Company Registration using SPICe+ Part B

After name approval, Part B completes the registration process, including:

  • • Application for allotment of Director Identification Number (DIN)
    • Incorporation of the new company
    • Submission of e-MoA (INC-33) and e-AoA (INC-34)
    • Application for PAN and TAN (mandatory)
    • Application for EPFO registration (mandatory)
    • Application for ESIC registration (mandatory)
    • Application for Professional tax registration (only for Maharashtra)

The entered information in SPICe+ Parts A and B is automatically transferred to associated forms like AGILE-PRO, eAoA, eMoA, URC1, and INC-9, as applicable.

4. Step 4: Open a Bank Account

Open a current account for your company to facilitate seamless financial transactions and business operations, handling various aspects such as receiving payments, making supplier payments and managing payroll.

5. Step 5: File for the Commencement of Business Certificate

The Commencement of Business Certificate, filed through Form INC-20A within 180 days of incorporation, is a declaration by the Director of the Company submitted to the Registrar of Companies.

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After the SPICe+ Form receives approval, the Registrar of Companies (ROC) issues the Certificate of Incorporation, confirming the successful registration of your company.

This certificate includes vital information such as the Company's name, registration number (CIN), date of incorporation, registered office address, and so on.

Example of CIN: U72200KA2013PTC097389

Read more about what each letter in a CIN signifies here.

What is a Limited Liability Partnership?

A Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) is a business structure combining features of a traditional partnership and a limited company.

Limited Liability Partnerships are often chosen by professional services firms, small businesses and ventures where the partners want the flexibility of a partnership along with the protection of limited liability.

Features of LLP

A Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) is a business structure that combines features of both a traditional partnership and a limited company. Limited Liability Partnerships are often chosen by professional services firms, small businesses, and ventures where the partners want the flexibility of a partnership along with the protection of limited liability.

Some key characteristics of a Limited Liability Partnership are:

1. Limited Liability

Similar to a private limited company, partners in an LLP have limited liability.

2. Separate Legal Entity

An LLP is a distinct legal entity from its partners. It can own property, enter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its own name.

3. Ownership

Owned by partners, and the ownership structure is defined by the LLP agreement. Transfer of ownership usually requires the consent of other partners.

4. Management

Managed by partners or a designated management team, as specified in the LLP agreement. Each partner typically has an equal say in the management decisions, making it a more collaborative structure.

5. Number of Partners

Requires a minimum of two partners, and there is no maximum limit on the number of partners in an LLP.

6. Regulation and Compliance

Governed by the Limited Liability Partnership Act in India, with less stringent regulatory requirements compared to a private limited company. Compliance involves filing annual returns and maintaining statutory records.

7. Flexibility

Offers greater flexibility in terms of internal management and decision-making processes compared to a private limited company.

Limited Liability Partnerships Registration

Here's a simplified guide on the steps for Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) registration:

1. Step 1: Apply for DSC

  • Obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) from Government Certifying Agencies with one or two-year validity.

2. Step 2: Name Reservation

  • Reserve the LLP's name using the LLP-RUN form.

3. Step 3: Apply for Registration through FiLLiP

  • Complete the FiLLiP (Form for Incorporation of Limited Liability Partnership) and submit it to the Registrar. Alongside FiLLiP, submit the Subscriber sheet and Partner's consent (Form 9) as additional documentation.

4. Step 4: File LLP Agreement

  • File the LLP Agreement using Form 3 on the MCA portal within 30 days of LLP registration.

After the FiLLiP Form receives approval, the Registrar of Companies (ROC) issues the Certificate of Incorporation, a crucial legal document confirming the successful registration of your company.

This certificate includes vital information such as the LLP's name, registration number (LLPIN), date of incorporation, registered office address, and more.

Example of LLPIN: AAA-1234

{{llp-cta}}

LLP vs Pvt Ltd Ownership

  • Shareholders vs. Partners
    • Pvt Ltd Ownership: Shareholders own the company but may not be involved in day-to-day management. Primarily managed by Directors.
    • LLP Ownership: Partners typically manage the business and have a direct role in decision-making.
  • Transfer of Ownership
    • Pvt Ltd: Shares can be easily transferred from private limited company members, making it simpler to onboard or exit shareholders.
    • LLP: Ownership transfer requires the consent of other partners, which can be complex.

LLP vs Pvt Ltd Compliance

  • Compliance for Private Limited Companies
    • Hold the First Meeting of the Board of Directors within 30 days of the Incorporation of the Company. It is compulsory to host four meetings in a year with a gap not more than 120 days.
    • Hold an Annual General Meeting every year, on or before September 30th, during business hours and in the registered office.
    • Appoint the company's first auditor within 30 days of incorporation, who will serve until the end of the first AGM.
    • File Form ADT 1 within 15 days of the appointment of the subsequent auditor.
    • File Annual Returns (AOC 4 and MGT 7) within 30 and 60 days of holding the AGM, respectively.
    • File Form ITR-6 for Income Tax Return annually.
    • File Form DIR-3 KYC to disclose details of the Directors.
  • Compliance for Limited Liability Partnerships
    • File an LLP agreement within 30 days of incorporation. The penalty of ₹100/day will be levied if an LLP fails to comply with this condition.
    • File the form DIR3 for the DIN allotment in case of an existing company.
    • File two annual statements for Annual Return and Statement of Accounts and Solvency using Forms 11 and 8, respectively.
    • Sign, verify and file the Income Tax Return (ITR) annually.
    • Depending on their shareholding capacity, you and your partner must deposit their contribution into the relevant bank account within the specified time frame.
    • Get a GST registration since it is a legal compulsion per the GST Act.
    • Audit your accounts through CAs if the company's annual turnover exceeds Rs 40 lakhs or the contribution surpasses ₹25 lakhs of the threshold limit.
    For businesses that prefer a simpler and cost-effective compliance framework, LLPs are the better option. With fewer regulatory requirements, LLPs reduce the administrative burden, making them ideal for small businesses, professional firms and startups not seeking external funding. However, for companies planning rapid growth, attracting investors or requiring a formal structure for credibility, Pvt Ltd companies are worth the added compliance effort.

LLP vs Pvt Ltd Funding

  • Equity Financing
    • Pvt Ltd Company funding: Easily attracts investors by issuing shares, making it suitable for startups seeking venture capital or private equity.
    • LLP funding: Equity financing is not possible since partners cannot issue shares.
  • Debt Financing
    • Both structures can access loans, but Pvt Ltd companies have additional options like issuing debentures or convertible notes.

LLP vs Pvt Ltd Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

  • Pvt Ltd Company funding: Easily attracts investors by issuing shares, making it suitable for startups seeking venture capital or private equity.
  • LLP: FDI in LLP is allowed only in sectors where 100% FDI is permitted and is subject to approval in other cases, making it less flexible.

LLP vs Pvt Ltd Taxation

  • Taxation for Pvt Ltd CompaniesIncome tax for Pvt Ltd companies:
    • 25% if the turnover is up to ₹400 crore (as per recent provisions).
    • 30% for larger companies.
    A cess of 4% applies to the tax amount, along with surcharges for higher income levels.
  • Taxation for LLPsLLP taxation rate is 30% on their total income plus a surcharge (if applicable) and cess.Both LLPs and Pvt Ltd companies are treated equally under the GST regime:
    • GST registration is mandatory for businesses with annual turnover exceeding ₹20 lakhs (₹40 lakhs for goods in some states).
    • Compliance includes filing monthly or quarterly GST returns, depending on turnover.

Company Registration with Razorpay Rize

You can experience a hassle-free, 100% online business registration process with Razorpay Rize, featuring the lowest professional fees and absolutely no hidden charges.

Explore the diverse range of services tailored to suit the needs of both startups and established businesses.

{{pvt-llp-cards}}

Our package includes:

  • Company Name Registration
  • 2 Digital Signature Certificates (DSCs)
  • 2 Directors’ Identification Numbers (DINs)
  • Certificate of Incorporation(COI)
  • MoA & AoA [Applicable for Private Limited Companies and OPCs]
  • LLP Agreement [Applicable for LLPs]
  • Company PAN & TAN

*Prices and documents can differ based on the company type.

Which Company Type Should You Register Your Business With?

Before proceeding with the registration of either an LLP or a company, it is crucial to evaluate the following factors carefully.

• Consider the nature and size of your business

  • If you operate a small business with a limited workforce, opting for LLP registration might be more favourable, given the relatively lighter compliance requirements compared to a company. On the other hand, for larger businesses with substantial employee numbers and capital needs, registering as a company provides greater flexibility in raising capital.

• Fundraising requirements

  • If your goal is to raise funds through equity, choosing a company structure is imperative. However, if your fundraising needs are more straightforward, the LLP structure may be a more suitable option.

• Tax rates

  • It's essential to compare the tax rates applicable to both company and LLP structures, as there can be significant differences. Opt for the structure that aligns with your financial goals based on total income or turnover.

Personal liability protection

  • While an LLP offers limited liability protection, a company structure treats the company as a distinct legal entity, safeguarding shareholders' personal assets.

Ultimately, the choice between a company structure and an LLP structure hinges on the unique characteristics of your business, including its nature, size, and capital requirements.

Find Your Ideal Company Type

If you still need more help deciding which company type to register with, don't worry! We’ve got you covered with our latest tool - "Know Your Company Type."

{{know-your-coompany}}

For the first time in India, simply answer a quick set of questions about your startup, and this tool will leverage your responses to identify the ideal company registration type. Find your perfect fit with just one click!

Explore side-by-side comparisons of popular company types for added clarity and make informed choices effortlessly!

Frequently Asked Questions

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Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

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Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

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Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Which is better, LLP or Pvt Ltd?

The choice between an LLP and a Pvt Ltd company depends on the nature and goals of the business:

  • LLP: Best for small businesses, professional services and firms looking for flexibility and cost-effective compliance. LLPs are ideal for businesses that do not need external investors or plan to scale aggressively.
  • Pvt Ltd: Suitable for businesses planning to raise funds, scale operations or build a more structured and credible entity. Pvt Ltd companies are preferred by startups seeking venture capital or private equity investments.

Refer to the detailed difference between LLP and Pvt ltd company for more context.

Does LLP need to file a tax return?

Yes, all LLPs must file an Income Tax Return annually, irrespective of whether they have generated income or incurred losses. Key requirements include:

  • ITR-5 Form: Used for filing LLP income tax returns.
  • Tax Audit: Mandatory if the annual turnover exceeds ₹1 crore.
  • LLPs must file tax returns by the end of the financial year.

How is the salary from LLP taxed?

  • Partners' Salary: Salaries or remuneration paid to partners of an LLP are treated as business expenses for the LLP and are deductible from its taxable income.
    • The salary received by partners is taxed as personal income under the Income Tax Act, based on their applicable income slab rates.
  • Employee Salary: Salaries paid to employees of an LLP are subject to TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) and standard income tax rules.

Can an LLP have employees?

Yes, an LLP can hire employees just like any other business entity.

  • Employees of an LLP are entitled to all statutory benefits, such as Provident Fund (PF), Employee State Insurance (ESI) and gratuity, if applicable.
  • Salaries paid to employees are subject to payroll taxes, such as TDS and GST compliance (for specific payments like consulting fees).

Why do people prefer LLP?

Many small businesses and professional firms prefer LLPs due to their unique advantages:

  1. Low Compliance
  2. Cost-Effective
  3. Limited Liability
  4. Tax Efficiency
  5. Flexibility in Management
  6. Separate Legal Entity

LLPs are especially favoured by professionals (like consultants, lawyers, or accountants) and small businesses that prioritise simplicity and operational control.

Form STK-2 for Winding Up of Companies: Procedure, Fees & Documents

Form STK-2 for Winding Up of Companies: Procedure, Fees & Documents

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has simplified the process of closing down non-operational companies by introducing Form STK-2. This form is filed for striking off or winding up a company by removing its name from the register of companies maintained by the Registrar of Companies (ROC).

Available for filing on the MCA portal, Form STK-2 is one of the most commonly used methods of company closure, especially for startups or businesses that are no longer in operation and wish to avoid ongoing compliance costs.

In this blog, we will cover everything you need to know about Form STK-2, including its purpose, eligibility, required documents, filing process, and key consequences.

Table of Contents

What is Form STK-2, and When is it Used?

Form STK-2 is prescribed under Section 248(2) of the Companies Act, 2013, allowing a company to apply for voluntary strike-off. It is used by companies that are:

  • Not carrying on any business for the last two consecutive financial years, or
  • Have not sought the status of a dormant company, and
  • Do not have any outstanding liabilities.

For example, consider a startup that launched operations but never scaled up. Instead of continuing to maintain compliance (like audits, annual filings, and tax submissions) with no business activity, the founders can choose to file Form STK-2 and officially close the company.

What are the Benefits of Filing STK-2?

Filing Form STK-2 provides several benefits:

  • Quick and cost-effective closure compared to liquidation.
  • Savings on audits and compliance costs that continue even if the company has no operations.
  • Faster process – usually completed within a few months.
  • Protection of directors and shareholders from future penalties or liabilities.

This makes STK-2 a practical option for small companies and startups that wish to wind up smoothly.

What are the Eligibility Criteria to File STK-2?

Not every company is eligible to file STK-2. The key criteria are:

  • Applicable to Private Limited Companies, One Person Companies (OPC), and Unlisted Public Companies.
  • The company should have no pending liabilities and must clear all dues before applying.
  • The business must not have carried on any activity for at least two consecutive years.
  • Board and special resolutions (approved by at least 75% of shareholders) are mandatory.

Companies that are listed, under inspection, or involved in ongoing litigation are not eligible for strike-off.

What Documents Are Required for STK-2?

The following documents must be attached while filing STK-2:

  • Board resolution and special resolution approving strike-off.
  • Affidavit by directors (Form STK-4) declaring no pending liabilities.
  • Indemnity bond by directors (Form STK-3), ensuring liability coverage.
  • The company's latest audited financial statements.
  • Directors’ PAN, Aadhaar, and digital signatures (DSC).
  • Incorporation documents like Certificate of Incorporation, MoA, and AoA.

How to File the STK-2 Form? Step-by-Step Guide

Here’s a step-by-step guide to filing Form STK-2:

  1. Board Approval: Conduct a board meeting and pass a resolution for closure.
  2. Shareholder Consent: Obtain a special resolution with 75% shareholder approval.
  3. Clear Liabilities: Pay off loans, creditors, and statutory dues.
  4. Prepare Documents: Collect Forms STK-2, STK-3, STK-4, audited accounts, MoA, AoA, and ID proofs.
  5. Online Filing: File Form STK-2 on the MCA portal along with attachments.
  6. Pay Government Fee: ₹10,000 is payable at the time of filing.
  7. ROC Review: The Registrar verifies documents and issues a public notice.
  8. Strike-Off Approval: Once satisfied, the ROC strikes the company name from the register.

Voluntarily Removing Company Name using Form STK-2

Companies can voluntarily apply for strike-off by:

  • Clearing all debts and liabilities.
  • Passing a special resolution with the approval of at least 75% members.
  • Seeking NOC/approval from regulatory bodies (if the company is under their regulation).

Effect of Removing Name from Register of Companies

Once the company’s name is removed under Section 248:

  • The company is dissolved and ceases to exist legally.
  • The Certificate of Incorporation is cancelled.
  • The company cannot carry on any business operations.

However, directors, managers, and shareholders remain liable for any past dues, fraud, or pending obligations as if the company had not been dissolved.

Closing of Company by Filing Form STK-2

The closure process through STK-2 involves:

  • ROC verification of pending liabilities.
  • Publication of a public notice inviting objections.
  • Striking off the company’s name from the register.
  • Publishing the strike-off notification in the Official Gazette.

Once published, the company is considered officially dissolved.

What are the Consequences of Not Filing STK-2?

Failing to close an inactive company can lead to several consequences:

  • Director disqualification under the Companies Act.
  • Heavy penalties and fines for non-filing of annual returns and financial statements.
  • Government-initiated strike-off without the company’s consent.
  • Restrictions on starting new companies for disqualified directors.
  • Continued obligations for tax filings and ROC compliance despite no business activity.

What Challenges Can You Face While Filing STK-2?

Some common challenges include:

  • Delays in obtaining tax or GST clearance.
  • Errors in affidavits or indemnity bonds.
  • Issues with expired DSCs of directors.
  • Non-cooperation from shareholders or directors.
  • ROC objections due to mismatched or incomplete details.

What is the Cost Involved in STK-2?

The cost of filing Form STK-2 includes:

  • Government fee
  • Professional charges
  • Notary and affidavit charges
  • DSC renewal costs, if applicable
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Register your Business at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Sarthak Goyal

Sarthak Goyal is a Chartered Accountant with 10+ years of experience in business process consulting, internal audits, risk management, and Virtual CFO services. He cleared his CA at 21, began his career in a PSU, and went on to establish a successful ₹8 Cr+ e-commerce venture.

He has since advised ₹200–1000 Cr+ companies on streamlining operations, setting up audit frameworks, and financial monitoring. A community builder for finance professionals and an amateur writer, Sarthak blends deep finance expertise with an entrepreneurial spirit and a passion for continuous learning.

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Pharma Company Registration: How to Open a Pharma Company in India?

Pharma Company Registration: How to Open a Pharma Company in India?

India is the world’s third-largest pharmaceutical market by volume and a key player in the global healthcare ecosystem. With its robust manufacturing base, cost efficiency, and innovation-driven approach, India has earned the reputation of being the “pharmacy of the world.” 

Both Indian pharmaceutical giants and foreign companies entering the market are shaping this growth trajectory, making the sector one of the most lucrative industries to invest in.

If you are an entrepreneur or investor looking to establish a pharmaceutical company in India, understanding the regulatory requirements and registration process is essential. 

This article provides a step-by-step guide on everything you need to know to register a pharma company in India, ensuring compliance while tapping into this high-growth industry.

Table of Contents

About the Pharma Company in India

A pharmaceutical company is an entity involved in the development, manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of medicines and healthcare products. Depending on the business model, pharma companies in India are typically classified as:

  • Manufacturing companies: involved in the production of drugs and medicines.
  • Marketing companies: focus on branding and distribution, often outsourcing manufacturing.
  • Wholesale businesses: supply medicines in bulk to retailers, hospitals, and distributors.
  • Retail businesses: run pharmacies and directly sell medicines to consumers.

India’s pharmaceutical industry has been expanding rapidly. As of 2025, it is valued at $55 billion and is projected to reach $120–130 billion by 2030. The government has also introduced several supportive measures:

  • 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) allowed in greenfield pharma projects.
  • ₹15,000 crore PLI (Production Linked Incentive) scheme to promote domestic manufacturing.
  • Incentives for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and medical devices to reduce import dependency.

With this growth potential, starting a pharmaceutical business in India is both a profitable and impactful opportunity.

Choosing the Right Business Structure for a Pharma Company

The first step in starting a pharmaceutical business in India is selecting the proper business structure. The choice depends on the scale of operations, funding requirements, and ownership preferences. Common structures include:

  • Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): Offers flexibility with limited liability.
    Private Limited Company (Pvt Ltd): Ideal for manufacturing and marketing businesses due to scalability and investor appeal.
  • Public Limited Company: Suitable for large-scale operations planning to raise funds from the public.
  • Indian Subsidiary of a Foreign Company: Allows foreign companies to establish a presence in India and leverage the growing market.

India ranks 3rd in the world by volume and 14th by value in pharmaceuticals, making it a preferred hub for domestic and international players. Choosing the right structure ensures smooth registration and compliance.

Eligibility for Registering a Pharma Company

Eligibility criteria are designed to maintain quality and compliance in the pharma sector. Key rules include:

  • The applicant must be legally competent to enter into a contract.
  • The company must appoint qualified directors and pharmacists, depending on the business type.
  • Proper compliance with the Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 is mandatory.
  • Only individuals or entities with relevant pharmaceutical qualifications/experience can run such businesses.

Requirements for Registering a Pharma Company

Corporate & Structural Requirements

These are the standard legal requirements for forming a company under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA).

  • Directors and Members: The structure depends on your company type. For a Private Limited Company, a minimum of two directors and two members (shareholders) are required. The same individuals can hold both positions.
  • Director Credentials: Every proposed director must have a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for online document submission and a Director Identification Number (DIN), a unique identifier issued by the MCA.
  • Unique Company Name: Your proposed company name must be unique and not resemble any existing company or trademark. It must be approved and reserved through the MCA portal.
  • Registered Office Address: You must provide a physical address in India as the company's official registered office. Proof of address, such as a utility bill or rental agreement, is mandatory for verification.

Pharmaceutical & Technical Requirements

These are specific mandates from the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, enforced by state drug control departments, which are essential for obtaining a drug license.

Qualified Technical Personnel: 

You must employ qualified individuals to supervise the sale and distribution of drugs. The requirements vary based on the business type:

  • For Wholesale Business (Distribution): The operations must be supervised by a "Competent Person." This can be:
    • A Registered Pharmacist.
    • A graduate with at least one year of experience in dealing with drugs.
  • For Retail Business (Pharmacy): All sales and dispensing activities must be conducted under the direct supervision of a Registered Pharmacist.

Adequate Storage Premises: 

You must have a proper commercial space for storing medicines. The premises are inspected by a Drug Inspector and must meet specific conditions:

  • Minimum Area: Typically, a minimum of 10 square meters is required for a wholesale license. This can vary by state.
  • Proper Storage Facilities: The premises must be clean, well-lit, and equipped with necessary storage solutions like cupboards, racks, and, crucially, a refrigerator and freezer to store temperature-sensitive drugs like vaccines and serums.

Enjoy limited liability protection, easy fundraising, and better brand credibility. Register your Pvt Ltd company online with Razorpay Rize and focus on building your pharmaceutical business while we handle compliance.

How to Start a Pharmaceutical Company in India?

The incorporation process is now simplified through the SPICe+ (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating a Company Electronically Plus) form by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Steps include:

Phase 1: Business Incorporation

The first step is to register your business as a legal entity with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). The modern SPICe+ (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating a Company Electronically Plus) form has streamlined this process significantly.

  • Get Director Credentials: All proposed directors of the company must obtain a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) and a Director Identification Number (DIN). The DSC is an electronic signature used for filing documents online, and the DIN is a unique number assigned to each director.
  • Reserve a Company Name: You must apply for and reserve a unique name for your company. This can be done through the MCA portal's RUN (Reserve Unique Name) service or directly within the SPICe+ form.
  • Draft Foundational Documents: Two critical documents need to be prepared:
    • Memorandum of Association (MoA): This document defines the company's objectives and the scope of its business activities.
    • Articles of Association (AoA): This document outlines the internal rules and regulations for managing the company.
  • File the SPICe+ Form: This single, integrated web form is used to file for incorporation. It combines applications for the company name, DIN allotment, and issuance of important tax numbers like PAN and TAN.
  • Receive Certificate of Incorporation: Once the MCA approves your application, you will receive a Certificate of Incorporation. This certificate includes your unique Corporate Identity Number (CIN) and officially marks the legal birth of your company.

Phase 2: Securing Pharmaceutical Licenses

This is the most critical phase and is specific to the pharmaceutical industry. These licenses are granted by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) and State Drug Control Departments.

  • Drug License: This is the primary license required to deal with drugs and cosmetics. The type of license depends on your business model:
    • Manufacturing License: Required if you plan to manufacture drugs. This involves a rigorous inspection of your manufacturing facility to ensure it complies with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and has the necessary technical staff and equipment.
    • Wholesale/Distribution License: Required for stocking, selling, and distributing drugs. This requires having adequate storage premises with proper refrigeration facilities and employing a registered pharmacist.
  • GST Registration: Before you can apply for a drug license, you must complete your Goods and Services Tax (GST) registration. The GSTIN is a mandatory requirement for the drug license application.

Phase 3: Brand and Tax Formalities

With your company and licenses in place, the final step is to protect your brand and manage your finances.

  • Trademark Registration: It is highly advisable to register your company name, logo, and the brand names of your pharmaceutical products. This protects your intellectual property and prevents others from using similar names.
  • Bank Account Opening: You can open a corporate bank account using the Certificate of Incorporation and other registration documents.

Get started with Razorpay Rize and complete your company registration online in just a few clicks. Fast approvals, 100% digital process, and expert support to make your pharma business official.

Documents Required to Register a Pharma Company

Here’s a checklist of essential documents required to open pharma company:

For Indian Directors/Shareholders:

  • PAN Card
  • Aadhaar Card
  • Passport-size photographs
  • Address proof (utility bill, bank statement)

For Foreign Directors/Shareholders:

  • Passport (notarised and apostilled)
  • Proof of overseas address
  • Photograph

For the Company:

  • Registered office address proof (rent agreement/ownership proof)
  • Utility bill of the premises (electricity/water bill)
  • MoA and AoA

Other Registrations Required for a Pharma Company

After incorporation, a pharma company must obtain additional registrations and licenses to operate legally:

  1. Drug License (under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940)


    • Manufacturing License
    • Wholesale License
    • Retail License
    • Loan License (for outsourcing manufacturing)
    • Import License (for foreign medicines)

  2. GST Registration – Mandatory for taxation and interstate sales.
  3. FSSAI Registration – Required if dealing with nutraceuticals or dietary supplements.
  4. Trademark & Patent Registration – Protects brand identity and intellectual property.
  5. Import Export Code (IEC) – For companies engaged in pharma exports/imports.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Private Limited Company
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Limited Liability Partnership
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  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
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Private Limited Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
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  • Service-based businesses
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Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the minimum investment required to open a pharmaceutical company in India?

The minimum investment depends on the type of pharma business you plan to set up:

  • Retail pharmacy/wholesale distribution – ₹5–10 lakhs (primarily for licenses, shop setup, and inventory).
  • Small-scale manufacturing unit – ₹2–5 crores (including land, plant, machinery, and approvals).
  • Marketing company (without manufacturing) – ₹10–20 lakhs (mainly for licenses, branding, and distribution network).

The costs vary depending on location, scale, and whether you plan to export.

Which business structure is best for a pharmaceutical startup in India?

The Private Limited Company structure is considered the most suitable for pharmaceutical startups because:

  • It provides limited liability protection to the founders.
  • It is preferred by investors and VCs, making it easier to raise funds.
  • It ensures better compliance and credibility with regulators, suppliers, and customers.

For foreign companies, setting up an Indian subsidiary is often the best route to enter the Indian pharma market.

How long does it take to register a pharma company?

Registering a pharmaceutical company in India through the SPICe+ process generally takes 10–15 working days, provided all documents are in order.

Do I need separate licenses for manufacturing and marketing drugs?

Yes. The licenses are different depending on your business model:

  • Manufacturing License: Required if you are producing drugs and medicines.
  • Marketing License: Required for companies that outsource production but handle branding and distribution.
  • Wholesale/Retail License: Required for distribution or retail pharmacy operations.

So, you must apply for the specific license(s) that match your pharma company’s scope of operations.

How can I protect my pharma brand name and logo from competitors?

To secure your brand identity in the competitive pharma market, you should:

  1. Register a Trademark: Protects your brand name, logo, and tagline under the Trademarks Act, 1999.
  2. Patent Registration: If you’ve developed a new drug formula or process, apply for patents to secure exclusivity.

Copyright Protection: For marketing materials, packaging, and designs.

Mukesh Goyal

Mukesh Goyal is a startup enthusiast and problem-solver, currently leading the Rize Company Registration Charter at Razorpay, where he’s helping simplify the way early-stage founders start and scale their businesses. With a deep understanding of the regulatory and operational hurdles that startups face, Mukesh is at the forefront of building founder-first experiences within India’s growing startup ecosystem.

An alumnus of FMS Delhi, Mukesh cracked CAT 2016 with a perfect 100 percentile- a milestone that opened new doors and laid the foundation for a career rooted in impact, scale, and community.

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A Guide to Nidhi Company Registration in India – Process & Requirements

A Guide to Nidhi Company Registration in India – Process & Requirements

Starting a business is exciting, but most entrepreneurs are immediately overwhelmed by the strict regulations and complex licensing processes involved in building a financial institution. But what if there was a simpler, community-driven model designed to encourage savings and provide easy credit within a trusted group of people?

That’s exactly what a Nidhi Company offers. Popular in India’s smaller towns and communities, Nidhi Companies allow individuals to pool money, support each other financially, and grow together without the burden of full-scale NBFC regulations.

This guide covers everything you need to know about Nidhi Company registration, process, requirements, compliances, and restrictions.

Table of Contents

What is Nidhi Company?

A Nidhi Company is a type of Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC) that operates exclusively for its members. It is registered under Section 406 of the Companies Act, 2013 and regulated by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), rather than directly by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

The primary function of a Nidhi Company is to accept deposits from members and lend money back to its members. This “for members only” model distinguishes it from other NBFCs and ensures that operations remain community-centric.

Since Nidhi Companies deal only with their members and do not interact with the general public, they enjoy exemptions from core RBI regulations that typically apply to other NBFCs. However, they must still adhere to rules laid down by MCA and maintain transparency in their financial dealings.

The Purpose and Nature of Nidhi Companies

The central purpose of Nidhi Companies is to promote savings and thrift among their members and to facilitate easy, low-interest loans for those same members. They act as mutual benefit societies, pooling deposits and using those funds to lend back within the group.

Key characteristics include:

  • Community-Focused Model: Members both contribute and borrow, keeping financial circulation within the group.

  • Limited RBI Oversight: While they fall under the broad category of NBFCs, Nidhi Companies are largely governed by MCA rules.

  • Exemption from Core NBFC Rules: They are not required to obtain RBI approval for incorporation or daily operations.

This makes them a niche but highly effective option for people looking to run community-driven financial institutions.

Benefits of Nidhi Company

  • Encourages Savings: Members are motivated to build disciplined saving habits.
  • Access to Affordable Credit: Members can borrow at lower interest rates compared to market lenders.
  • Limited Regulatory Burden: Exemptions from most RBI regulations make operations simpler.
  • Low Risk of Default: Since lending and borrowing are limited to members, risks are lower.
  • Simple Incorporation: Registration under MCA is more straightforward than NBFC licensing.
  • Legal Status: Recognised as a public company, lending credibility and trust.

Nidhi Company Registration Process

Registering a Nidhi Company in India involves several steps:

  1. Obtain DSC & DIN – Digital Signature Certificate for proposed directors.
  2. Name Approval – File an application with MCA to get the company name approved (must include “Nidhi Limited”).
  3. Draft MOA & AOA – Prepare Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association with clear objectives.
  4. Filing for Incorporation – Submit the incorporation application along with required documents through MCA’s SPICe+ form.
  5. ROC Scrutiny – Registrar of Companies reviews and verifies the application.
  6. Certificate of Incorporation – Once approved, the company is legally formed.
  7. GSTIN & Bank Account – Apply for GST (if applicable), and open a current account for operations.

Related Read: How to apply for a Digital Signature Certificate in India

Compliances of the Nidhi Companies

After incorporation, a Nidhi Company must comply with specific filings and statutory requirements:

  • NDH-1: Filing of return of statutory compliances within 90 days of the first financial year.
  • NDH-2: Application to extend time for compliance (if required).
  • NDH-3: Half-yearly return to ROC.
  • MGT-7: Annual return filing with MCA.
  • AOC-4: Filing of financial statements with MCA.
  • Income Tax Compliances: Annual income tax return filing, tax audit (if applicable), TDS deductions, and advance tax payments.

Related Read: ROC Compliance Calendar 2025–2026: Important Filing Due Dates

Nidhi Company Incorporation Requirements

To incorporate a Nidhi Company, certain prerequisites must be met:

Before Registration:

  • Minimum 7 members required.
  • Minimum 3 directors.
  • Minimum ₹5 lakh paid-up equity capital.
  • The name must end with “Nidhi Limited”.

Post Registration (within 1 year):

  • Minimum 200 members.
  • Net Owned Funds (NOF) of at least ₹10 lakh.
  • Deposits not to exceed 20 times NOF.
  • Maintain at least 10% of deposits as unencumbered deposits (liquid assets).

Documents Required for Nidhi Company Registration

To register a Nidhi Company, you need the following documents:

  • Identity Proof: PAN card of directors and members.
  • Address Proof: Aadhaar card, passport, voter ID, or driving license.
  • Photographs: Passport-sized photos of all directors and members.
  • Office Proof: Rent agreement/ownership papers and utility bill of the registered office.
  • Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) of directors.
  • Charters: Draft MOA and AOA.
  • Foreign Directors: Passport and notarised documents if applicable.

The entire process can be completed online via the MCA portal.

Restrictions on Nidhi Companies

To ensure that Nidhi Companies remain true to their purpose, certain restrictions apply:

  • Cannot accept deposits from or lend to non-members.
  • Cannot carry out chit funds, hire purchase, leasing finance, or insurance businesses.
  • Cannot issue debentures, preference shares, or other securities.
  • Cannot advertise for deposits to the general public.
  • Cannot open current accounts in the name of members.
  • Cannot conduct corporate transactions such as partnerships with other financial institutions.
  • Must operate strictly within the framework of member-only deposit and lending.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Limited Liability Partnership
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  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
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  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
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  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a Nidhi Company establish branch offices?

Yes, a Nidhi Company can open branch offices, but with conditions:

  • It can open up to 3 branches within the same district after fulfilling compliance requirements.
  • Prior approval from the Regional Director (MCA) is required to open branches outside the district.
  • A Nidhi Company must have a profit after tax for 3 consecutive years before opening a branch.

Can a salaried individual serve as a Nidhi Company director?

Yes, a salaried individual can be appointed as a director in a Nidhi Company, provided:

  • Their employment contract does not prohibit directorships.
  • They comply with all MCA eligibility criteria (such as being a resident of India, holding a valid DIN, etc.).

What types of financial transactions are not permitted for Nidhi Companies?

Nidhi Companies are restricted from engaging in the following activities:

  • Accepting deposits or lending to non-members.
  • Running chit funds, hire purchase finance, leasing, or insurance businesses.
  • Issuing preference shares, debentures, or other debt instruments.
  • Opening current accounts in the name of members.
  • Advertising for deposits from the general public.

Entering into partnerships in lending or borrowing.

Can a Nidhi Company do business in microfinance?

No, Nidhi Companies cannot operate as microfinance institutions (MFIs). Microfinance involves lending small amounts to non-members, often at higher interest rates, which violates Nidhi Company rules.

Is a Nidhi Company required to obtain an NBFC license from RBI?

No, a Nidhi Company does not need an NBFC license from RBI. They are exempt because their operations are limited to members and do not affect the wider public.

Swagatika Mohapatra

Swagatika Mohapatra is a storyteller & content strategist. She currently leads content and community at Razorpay Rize, a founder-first initiative that supports early-stage & growth-stage startups in India across tech, D2C, and global export categories.

Over the last 4+ years, she’s built a stronghold in content strategy, UX writing, and startup storytelling. At Rize, she’s the mind behind everything from founder playbooks and company registration explainers to deep-dive blogs on brand-building, metrics, and product-market fit.

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What is Company Valuation & How to Calculate It? Methods Explained

What is Company Valuation & How to Calculate It? Methods Explained

When you hear about startups raising millions of dollars or listed companies being called “overvalued” or “undervalued,” the concept at the centre of it all is company valuation. Whether you’re an investor evaluating opportunities, a business owner planning to raise capital, or a professional analysing market trends, understanding how a company’s value is calculated is essential.

In this guide, we’ll break down what company valuation means, how to calculate it, key formulas, real-world examples, and why it’s essential.

Table of Contents

What is the valuation of a company?

Company valuation is the process of determining a business's financial worth or fair value. It is not just about looking at profits or assets- it’s about considering both financial and non-financial factors that influence the company’s value.

For example:

  • Financial factors include revenue, profit margins, debt levels, and cash flows.
  • Non-financial factors include brand reputation, customer base, intellectual property, and market potential.

A valuation helps stakeholders, founders, investors, lenders, or acquirers understand the true worth of a company for purposes like fundraising, mergers & acquisitions, taxation, or stock market investing.

How to calculate company valuation?

There is no single method to calculate company valuation. Instead, there are three primary approaches commonly used:

1. Income Approach

  • Focuses on the company’s future earnings potential.
  • The most common method here is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model.
  • DCF estimates the present value of future cash flows, adjusted using the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC).
  • Useful for startups and growing companies where future cash flows are expected to be significant.

2. Asset Approach

  • Focuses on the net value of the company’s assets after deducting liabilities.
  • Often called the Net Asset Value (NAV) method.
  • Formula: NAV = (Fair Value of Total Assets – Total Liabilities).
  • Suitable for asset-heavy businesses like real estate, manufacturing, or holding companies.

3. Market Approach

  • Values a company by comparing it with similar businesses in the market.
  • Uses multiples such as:

    • Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio
    • Price-to-Sales (P/S) Ratio
    • Price-to-Book Value (PBV) Ratio

  • Helps determine whether a company’s stock is undervalued or overvalued compared to peers.

Key metric: EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation, and Amortisation) is often used in valuation since it reflects a company’s operating performance without non-cash and non-operating costs.

Company Valuation Formula

There is no one universal formula for valuation- different methods use different formulas. Here are some of the most widely used:

1. Asset Approach (Net Asset Value)

NAV = Fair Value of Assets - Total Liabilities

Example: If a company has assets worth ₹100 crore and liabilities worth ₹40 crore, its NAV = ₹60 crore.

2. Income Approach (Discounted Cash Flow)

Where, 

CFt = Cash flow in year t

W ACC = Weighted Average Cost of Capital

t = Time period

This gives the present value of all future cash flows.

3. Market Approach Ratios

  • P/E Ratio
  • P/S Ratio

  • PBV Ratio

These ratios are compared with industry averages to determine valuation.

Company Valuation Examples

Example 1: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

Suppose a company is expected to generate free cash flows of ₹10 crore annually for the next 5 years. The discount rate (WACC) is 10%.

= ₹37.9 crore (approx).

If the market cap of the company is ₹30 crore, the stock may be undervalued.

Example 2: Relative Valuation (P/E Ratio)

  • Company A’s P/E ratio = 18x
  • Company B’s P/E ratio = 12x
  • Industry average P/E ratio = 15x

Here, Company A is trading above the industry average (possibly overvalued), while Company B is trading below (perhaps undervalued).

Importance of Calculating a Company’s Valuation

  • For Investors: Helps identify whether a stock is overpriced or a good buying opportunity.
  • For Founders: Essential during fundraising, mergers, acquisitions, or strategic exits.
  • For Lenders: Determines the borrowing capacity and creditworthiness of a business.
  • For Markets: Provides transparency and helps maintain fair pricing of securities.
  • For Business Growth: Guides decision-making on expansions, investments, and restructuring.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Limited Liability Partnership
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
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  • Professional services 
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the information required to calculate a company’s valuation?

To calculate a company’s valuation, you need both financial and non-financial information. Key details include:

  • Financial Statements – Balance Sheet, Profit & Loss Statement, and Cash Flow Statement.
  • Revenue & Profitability Metrics – EBITDA, Net Profit, Gross Margin.
  • Assets & Liabilities – Tangible and intangible assets, debts, and goodwill.
  • Market Data – Share price, industry benchmarks, comparable company ratios.
  • Growth Projections – Future revenue, profit, and cash flow estimates.

Discount Rate – Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) or required return rate.

Which company has a high valuation in India?

As of 2025, Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) and Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) consistently rank among the highest-valued companies in India by market capitalisation. Reliance dominates in energy, retail, and telecom, while TCS is a global IT services leader. Other high-valuation players include HDFC Bank, Infosys, and ICICI Bank.

How to calculate a company's valuation from equity?

A company’s valuation from equity is generally calculated using:

Equity Value = Share Price × Number of Outstanding Shares

For example, if a company’s share price is ₹1,000 and it has 1 crore outstanding shares:
Equity Value = ₹1,000 × 1,00,00,000 = ₹10,000 crore

Equity Value represents the market’s perception of the company’s worth, excluding debt.

How to calculate company valuation from revenue?

Valuing a company from revenue is usually done using the Price-to-Sales (P/S) ratio:

Valuation = Revenue × P/S Multiple

For instance, if a company generates ₹500 crore in annual revenue and the industry average P/S multiple is 4x:
Valuation = 500 × 4 = ₹2,000 crore

This method is often used for early-stage or loss-making companies where profits aren’t stable.

What are the ways to value a company?

The main ways to value a company include:

1. Asset Approach – Based on Net Asset Value (NAV).

  1. Formula: NAV = Total Assets – Total Liabilities

2. Income Approach – Based on future earnings or cash flows.

  1. Most common: Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method.

3. Market Approach – Based on market multiples and comparables.

  1. Metrics: P/E ratio, P/S ratio, PBV ratio, EV/EBITDA.

4. Comparable Transactions Method – Comparing the valuation of similar companies sold/acquired.

5. Industry-Specific Methods – For example, startups often use Revenue Multiples, while banks may use Book Value multiples.

Swagatika Mohapatra

Swagatika Mohapatra is a storyteller & content strategist. She currently leads content and community at Razorpay Rize, a founder-first initiative that supports early-stage & growth-stage startups in India across tech, D2C, and global export categories.

Over the last 4+ years, she’s built a stronghold in content strategy, UX writing, and startup storytelling. At Rize, she’s the mind behind everything from founder playbooks and company registration explainers to deep-dive blogs on brand-building, metrics, and product-market fit.

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Appointment of Company Secretary: Roles and Responsibilities Explained

Appointment of Company Secretary: Roles and Responsibilities Explained

When building a company, compliance is not just a checkbox- it’s the backbone that ensures smooth functioning, legal validity, and market trust. Among the key professionals steering compliance, the Company Secretary (CS) plays one of the most critical roles.

This blog discusses the appointment of a Company Secretary in India, their roles, responsibilities, eligibility criteria, and the complete procedure for appointment and removal, as guided by the Companies Act, 2013.

Table of Contents

Who is a Company Secretary?

A Company Secretary (CS) is a key managerial professional responsible for ensuring that a company complies with legal, regulatory, and governance requirements. In India, a Company Secretary serves as the compliance officer, legal advisor, and corporate governance guide.

The core duties include:

  • Overseeing compliance under the Companies Act, 2013
  • Drafting, filing, and maintaining legal documentation
  • Facilitating communication between the board of directors and shareholders
  • Distributing dividends and handling investor relations
  • Maintaining statutory records and registers
  • Organising and recording minutes of board and shareholder meetings
  • Drafting policies and internal documents for the company
  • Ensuring compliance with stock exchanges (for listed companies)
  • Managing corporate actions like mergers, acquisitions, and restructuring

Eligibility Criteria of a Company Secretary

To qualify as a Company Secretary in India:

  • One must pass the ICSI (Institute of Company Secretaries of India) exam and hold an active membership with ICSI.
  • Listed companies are required to appoint a full-time Company Secretary.
  • Public and private companies with paid-up share capital of ₹10 crore or more must mandatorily appoint a whole-time CS.

This ensures that companies above a specific size have strong compliance and governance oversight.

Importance of the Company Secretary in the Business Environment

A Company Secretary is more than a compliance officer—they are strategic advisors who ensure a business operates within legal frameworks while fostering governance and ethical practices.

Key importance includes:

  • Ensuring compliance with corporate and securities law
  • Advising leadership on legal and governance risks
  • Playing a critical role in board meetings and influencing policy decisions
  • Building trust with investors, regulators, and the public through transparent reporting

By law, only those with ICSI membership or equivalent recognised qualifications can be appointed, ensuring professional credibility.

Functions of Company Secretaries

Under Section 205 of the Companies Act, 2013, the functions of a Company Secretary include:

  • Ensuring the company complies with the secretarial standards issued by ICSI
  • Reporting compliance status to the Board of Directors regularly
  • Performing duties as prescribed by the Companies Act and other applicable laws

This formalises their role as the company’s governance backbone.

Duties of a Company Secretary

According to Rule 10 of the Companies (Appointment and Remuneration of Managerial Personnel) Rules, 2014, the duties of a CS include:

  • Guiding directors on their statutory responsibilities
  • Convening and recording minutes of board and general meetings
  • Ensuring approvals for company actions like the issue of shares, loans, or mergers
  • Representing the company before regulators, tribunals, and government bodies
  • Assisting the board in company affairs and decision-making. Ensuring compliance with corporate governance standards and best practices

Responsibilities of a Company Secretary in India

In India, a Company Secretary carries responsibilities that go beyond legal compliance:

  • Facilitating business operations by ensuring all approvals are in place
  • Conducting secretarial audits to verify compliance
  • Advising on corporate transactions such as mergers, acquisitions, and share issues
  • Promoting corporate governance through ethics, transparency, and accountability
  • Acting as a communication link between management, regulators, and investors

Rules of Company Secretary Appointment in India

As per Section 203 of the Companies Act, 2013, and Rules 8 & 8A:

  • Every listed company must appoint a whole-time Company Secretary.
  • Every public or private company with a paid-up share capital of ₹10 crore or more must also appoint a CS.
  • Smaller companies may appoint a CS, though it is not mandatory.

Company Secretary Appointment Procedure in India

The process for appointing a Company Secretary involves:

  1. Notifying directors through a Board Meeting under Section 173
  2. Passing a Board Resolution for the appointment
  3. Filing Form DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days
  4. Submitting Form MGT-14 (where applicable) with prescribed fees
  5. Updating statutory registers as per Section 170 of the Companies Act, 2013
  6. For listed companies, informing the stock exchange about the appointment

Procedure for the Removal/Resignation of Company Secretary

If a Company Secretary resigns or is removed:

  • The company must hold a Board Meeting to pass a resolution
  • File DIR-12 with the ROC (and MGT-14 in the case of public or listed companies)
  • Inform stock exchanges in case of listed entities

Update the register of directors and key managerial personnel as per Section 170

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Private Limited Company
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  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
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Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

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  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
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  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

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  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Who appoints Company Secretaries?

The Board of Directors of a company appoints a Company Secretary through a board resolution. The decision is recorded in the company’s board meeting minutes.

What is Rule 8 of the appointment of a Company Secretary?

Under Rule 8 of the Companies (Appointment and Remuneration of Managerial Personnel) Rules, 2014, every listed company and every public company with a paid-up share capital of ₹10 crore or more must appoint a whole-time Company Secretary.

Is MGT-14 required for the appointment of a Company Secretary?

Yes, the appointment of a Company Secretary is a board resolution, and filing of Form MGT-14 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) is required under Section 117(3) of the Companies Act, 2013.

What is the time limit for appointing a CS?

The appointment of a Company Secretary must be made within 30 days from the date on which the company becomes legally obliged (i.e., when it crosses the prescribed paid-up capital threshold or is incorporated as a listed company).

Is it mandatory to appoint a Company Secretary?

  • For private limited companies: Appointment of a CS is not mandatory, regardless of share capital.
  • For public companies: It is mandatory to appoint a whole-time CS if the paid-up share capital is ₹10 crore or more.
  • For listed companies: Appointment of a CS is always mandatory.

Swagatika Mohapatra

Swagatika Mohapatra is a storyteller & content strategist. She currently leads content and community at Razorpay Rize, a founder-first initiative that supports early-stage & growth-stage startups in India across tech, D2C, and global export categories.

Over the last 4+ years, she’s built a stronghold in content strategy, UX writing, and startup storytelling. At Rize, she’s the mind behind everything from founder playbooks and company registration explainers to deep-dive blogs on brand-building, metrics, and product-market fit.

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Importance of Registered Office of a Company: Meaning & Key Benefits

Importance of Registered Office of a Company: Meaning & Key Benefits

One of the first legal requirements for setting up a company is declaring its registered office. This isn’t just a formality- it’s the official communication hub for the company, where all statutory notices, correspondence from government authorities, and legal documents are sent. 

The registered office reflectsa business's legal existences and plays a crucial role in compliance under the Companies Act, 2013.

This blog discusses the meaning, requirements, importance, and procedures related to a company’s registered office, including how it applies to LLPs, Private Limited Companies, and OPCs.

Table of Contents

Meaning Of Registered Office Of A Company

The registered office of a company is its principal place of business, serving as its official address for all legal and government-related correspondence. It must be a physical postal address located within the Registrar of Companies (ROC) jurisdiction where the company is registered.

It is not necessarily the same as the place where day-to-day operations are carried out (corporate office or branch office). Instead, it ensures that government authorities and stakeholders know where to contact the company for statutory purposes.

Registered Office Requirement during Company Registration

At the time of incorporation, every company must declare its registered office. For this, certain documents are required:

  • Proof of address (electricity bill, water bill, or property tax receipt, not older than 2 months)
  • No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the landlord (if the property is rented)
  • Rent/lease agreement in case of rented premises, or property ownership documents in case of owned premises

If the company does not have a permanent office at the time of registration, it can declare a temporary address. However, the final registered office must be filed with the ROC using Form INC-22 within 30 days of incorporation.

Importance Of the Registered Office Of A Company

Declaring and maintaining a registered office is a legal mandate under the Companies Act, 2013. Its importance can be summarised as follows:

  • Legal Compliance: A company must have a registered office within 30 days of incorporation.
  • Official Address for Communication: All government notices, summons, and correspondence are sent to this address.
  • Use on Official Documents: The registered office address must be printed on all letterheads, invoices, business correspondence, and official publications.
  • Jurisdictional Relevance: It determines the ROC jurisdiction under which the company falls and where records are maintained.

Without a registered office, a company cannot be considered legally compliant.

Change In The Registered Office Of A Company

Companies may shift their registered office after incorporation. The process depends on the nature of the change:

  1. Change within the same city/town/local limits: Notify the ROC by filing Form INC-22 within 15 days.
  2. Change outside local limits but within the same ROC jurisdiction: Requires passing a special resolution and filing with the ROC.
  3. Change from one ROC jurisdiction to another (state-level change): Needs approval from the Regional Director, shareholder consent via special resolution, and filing of required forms (INC-22 & MGT-7).

In every case, the company must update its address on all official documents.

Registered Office of an LLP

Like companies, Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) are also required to declare a registered office during incorporation. This is where all legal and government correspondence is sent. Any change must be filed with the ROC using Form 15.

Register your LLP and enjoy flexibility with limited liability protection.

Registered Office of a Private Limited Company

A Private Limited Company must declare its registered office within 30 days of incorporation and notify the ROC of any change through Form INC-22. It acts as the official point of communication and is used on all business documents.

Set up your Private Limited Company to gain credibility and attract investors.

Registered Office of a One Person Company (OPC)

For an OPC, the registered office requirement is the same as that of other companies. It must be declared during incorporation, and any changes should be reported to the ROC. Since OPCs have single ownership, the registered office is key in establishing legal identity.

Incorporate your OPC to run your business independently with limited liability.

Difference Between A Registered Office And A Corporate Office

Many businesses confuse the registered office with the corporate office, but they serve different purposes:

  • Registered Office:

    • Legal requirement under the Companies Act
    • Official address for receiving government and legal communications
    • Determines the jurisdiction of the ROC
    • Must appear on all statutory documents

  • Corporate Office:

    • Operational headquarters of the company
    • Where executives and employees manage daily business activities
    • Focuses on decision-making, sales, and operations
    • Not a legal mandate under the Companies Act

In simple terms, the registered office gives the company its legal identity, while the corporate office drives its business operations.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the purpose of a registered office for a company?

The registered office serves as the company's official communication address. It is the place where:

  • All statutory notices and government correspondence have been sent.
  • Legal documents are served.
  • Company records are maintained.

It legally establishes the company’s presence and is crucial for compliance under the Companies Act, 2013.

Can a company have multiple registered offices?

No. A company can have only one registered office at a time, which determines its legal jurisdiction.

However, it can have multiple branch offices, corporate offices, or project offices across India or abroad. These do not replace the registered office.

Does the registered office determine the jurisdiction of the Registrar of Companies (ROC)?

Yes. The location of the registered office decides the company’s jurisdiction with respect to the Registrar of Companies (ROC). The ROC handles all filings, records, and legal matters under whose jurisdiction the registered office falls.

Is the process for declaring a registered office the same for a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)?

The process is similar but not identical. LLPs also need to declare a registered office at incorporation by providing address proof, utility bill, and an NOC from the owner.Any change in the registered office of an LLP must be reported using Form-15 with the Registrar of Companies, unlike companies, which use Form INC-22.

What happens if a company fails to notify the change in registered office address?

Failure to update the ROC about a change in registered office is a non-compliance under the Companies Act. Consequences include:

  • Monetary penalties on the company and its officers.
  • Missing important notices or legal documents can lead to legal disputes or default status.

Sarthak Goyal

Sarthak Goyal is a Chartered Accountant with 10+ years of experience in business process consulting, internal audits, risk management, and Virtual CFO services. He cleared his CA at 21, began his career in a PSU, and went on to establish a successful ₹8 Cr+ e-commerce venture.

He has since advised ₹200–1000 Cr+ companies on streamlining operations, setting up audit frameworks, and financial monitoring. A community builder for finance professionals and an amateur writer, Sarthak blends deep finance expertise with an entrepreneurial spirit and a passion for continuous learning.

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How to Register a Production House or Media Company in India in 2025?

How to Register a Production House or Media Company in India in 2025?

Starting a production house or media company in India can be a thrilling venture- whether you dream of making films, binge-worthy web series, catchy ad campaigns, soulful music videos, or the next big OTT hit, the possibilities are endless.

But here’s the truth- great ideas alone don’t pay the bills or win investor trust. In this industry, your creative spark must be backed by strong legal, financial, and operational groundwork.

From choosing the right business structure to securing your brand, protecting your scripts, and joining the right industry bodies, every step you take builds the foundation for a production house that’s not only creative but also credible and future-ready.

This blog walks you through the legal, financial, and operational requirements for registering and running a production house in India.

Table of Contents

Choose the Right Business Structure for Your Film Production Company

Your first decision is choosing the right legal entity. This impacts ownership, liability, taxation, funding, and compliance. Here’s how the most common options compare:

Private Limited Company

  • Best choice for media companies aiming to scale, raise investment, or partner with OTT platforms.
  • Offers limited liability protection, higher brand credibility, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) eligibility.
  • Easier to bring in shareholders and attract funding from production partners or venture capital.

Register Your Private Limited Company Online in Just a Few Steps with Razorpay Rize. 

LLP (Limited Liability Partnership)

  • Suitable for small-to-mid scale production outfits.
  • Combines the flexibility of a partnership with limited liability protection.
  • Compliance is lower than that of a Private Limited Company but is still not as investor-friendly.

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Partnership Firm

  • Easy to set up but offers unlimited liability, meaning partners’ personal assets may be at risk.
  • Limited in terms of scalability and investor trust.

While an OPC (One Person Company) works well for solo ventures, it restricts ownership expansion and isn’t ideal for scaling or attracting investors. A Sole Proprietorship, though simple to set up, comes with unlimited personal liability and lacks credibility. So, both structures are generally not preferred for a growing film or media business aiming for scalability, credibility, and investor interest.

Register Your Sole Proprietorship Online in a Few Easy Steps with Razorpay Rize!

Register the Production House as a Legal Entity

Once you choose your structure, follow these steps:

  1. Obtain DSC for directors/partners.
  2. Reserve your company name via the MCA portal.
  3. Draft and file the MoA & AoA (for companies) or LLP Agreement.
  4. File incorporation documents with the MCA.
  5. Receive Certificate of Incorporation (COI), PAN, and TAN.

Register the Brand and Logo as a Trademark

Your production house’s name and logo are powerful brand assets that set you apart in a competitive entertainment industry. Protecting them early ensures that no one else can misuse your identity or ride on your hard-earned reputation.

Steps:

  1. Trademark Search – Visit the IP India portal to check if a similar name or logo already exists.
  2. Class Selection – Most media companies file under Class 41 (entertainment services) and Class 38 (broadcasting), but additional classes may apply based on your services.
  3. File TM Application Online – Submit your application with the required documents and fees.
  4. Examination & Objections – The Trademark Registry will review your application; be prepared to respond to any objections or clarifications.
  5. Final Registration – Once approved, your trademark is valid for 10 years and can be renewed indefinitely, ensuring long-term brand protection.

Get Copyright Registration for Original Works

In the media business, your creative works- films, scripts, songs, storyboards, promotional videos- are valuable. Copyright registration legally secures these works, giving you the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, adapt, and monetise them.
Steps: 

  • Apply online at the Copyright Office website.
  • Submit the required documents (work details, creator’s info, soft copies).
  • Pay the applicable fee.
  • Wait for scrutiny and the issuance of the certificate.

Join a Film Producers Association

Organisations like the Indian Motion Picture Producers' Association (IMPPA), Film Producers Association of India (FPAI), and Western India Film Producers Association (WIFPA) provide legal backing, industry recognition, and a platform for networking.

Benefits include:

  • Access to legal advice and dispute resolution services
  • Opportunities for co-productions and collaborations
  • Industry events and workshops to stay updated on trends and regulations
  • Collective bargaining power and advocacy on industry matters

To join, submit your company incorporation documents and proof of work (films, scripts, or projects). Complete the membership application process as per the association’s guidelines and pay the prescribed membership fees. 

Open a Current Account in Your Company’s Name

A current account is essential for managing your production house’s day-to-day financial transactions smoothly and professionally. Unlike a regular savings account, a current account offers higher transaction limits and facilities tailored for businesses, such as overdraft options and multiple signatories.

Documents Required:

  • Certificate of Incorporation (COI)
  • PAN card of the company
  • Memorandum of Association (MoA) and Articles of Association (AoA)
  • KYC documents of directors (identity and address proof)
  • Proof of registered office address

Consider banks that offer robust digital banking platforms, ease of fund transfers, and competitive transaction charges. Also, check for value-added services like merchant accounts for receiving payments, foreign currency transactions, and working capital loans.

Get GST Registration and Import Export Code (IEC)

For production houses and media companies, GST registration is mandatory if your annual turnover exceeds the prescribed threshold (₹20 lakh or ₹40 lakh, depending on your state). GST compliance helps you claim input tax credits, maintain transparency, and avoid legal penalties.

If you work with international clients, monetise content on platforms like YouTube, or export your services globally (e.g., selling films or digital content overseas), obtaining an Import Export Code (IEC) is essential. IEC is issued by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and acts as a license to conduct cross-border trade legally.

How to Apply:

  • GST Registration can be done online via the GST portal by submitting PAN, business details, and bank information.
  • IEC application is filed online on the DGFT portal, linked to your PAN, with processing typically completed within a few days.

Get Music, Scripts, and Third-Party IP Licenses

In the media and production industry, using music, scripts, or other creative content created by others requires proper licensing to avoid legal issues.

Common Types of Licenses:

  • Sync License: Allows you to synchronise music with visual media like films or ads.
  • Master License: Grants permission to use the original sound recording.
  • Adaptation Rights: Needed if you plan to remake, translate, or modify existing works.

Key Licensing Bodies in India are IPRS (Indian Performing Right Society) & PPL (Phonographic Performance Limited).

Protect Digital Content and Manage Online Rights

In today’s digital age, safeguarding your media company’s content online is as important as creating it. With piracy and unauthorised sharing rampant, implementing strong digital protection measures helps you retain control and monetise your work effectively.

Here are a few ways you can protect and manage your digital content: 

  • Digital Rights Management (DRM): Technology that restricts how digital content is accessed, copied, or shared, ensuring only authorised users can view or distribute your work.

  • Content ID Systems: Platforms like YouTube use automated systems to identify copyrighted content and manage its use, including monetisation or takedown.

  • Watermarking and Metadata Tagging: Embedding invisible or visible markers in your videos or music that trace the content back to you, deterring theft and helping prove ownership.
  • DMCA Takedown Notices: Legal requests to platforms to remove unauthorised copies of your content.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the minimum number of directors required to register a film production company in India?

  • For a Private Limited Company, the minimum is 2 directors.
  • For an LLP, at least 2 partners are required.

What is the validity of the certificate of incorporation for a film production company in India?

The Certificate of Incorporation (COI) does not expire. It is a lifetime proof of your company’s legal existence unless the company is dissolved or struck off.

What is the average time taken to complete the registration process for a film production company in India?

Typically, it takes about 7 to 15 working days from filing the incorporation documents to receiving the Certificate of Incorporation, depending on the completeness of documents and MCA processing times.

What documents are required to register a film production company in India?

  • Identity and Address Proof of directors/partners (Aadhaar, Passport, Voter ID, Driving License)
  • PAN Card of directors/partners
  • Proof of Registered Office Address (rental agreement or utility bill)
  • No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the property owner (if rented)
  • Passport-sized photographs of directors/partners
  • Digital Signature Certificate (DSC)

What are the risks of not registering a trademark or copyright?

  • Loss of exclusive rights over your brand name, logo, or creative works
  • Increased risk of brand infringement or piracy by competitors
  • Difficulty in legally enforcing your ownership and protecting your content
  • Potential loss of business reputation and revenue from unauthorised use

Mukesh Goyal

Mukesh Goyal is a startup enthusiast and problem-solver, currently leading the Rize Company Registration Charter at Razorpay, where he’s helping simplify the way early-stage founders start and scale their businesses. With a deep understanding of the regulatory and operational hurdles that startups face, Mukesh is at the forefront of building founder-first experiences within India’s growing startup ecosystem.

An alumnus of FMS Delhi, Mukesh cracked CAT 2016 with a perfect 100 percentile- a milestone that opened new doors and laid the foundation for a career rooted in impact, scale, and community.

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Do You Need a CA to Register a Company in India?

Do You Need a CA to Register a Company in India?

Starting a company in India is an exciting journey, but it comes with a maze of legal and financial formalities. One common question entrepreneurs often ask is: Do I need a Chartered Accountant (CA) to register my company? The short answer is- not necessarily. However, understanding when and why to involve a CA can save you time, money, and compliance headaches down the road.

Let’s break down the role of a CA in company registration and explore whether you need one for your business setup.

Table of Contents

Is CA Required for Company Registration?

Technically, a chartered accountant is not mandatory to register a company in India. The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) provides an online portal that allows founders to complete the registration process on their own.

However, company registration involves more than just filing forms- it requires compliance with various legal and financial requirements. While you can handle these steps yourself, professional guidance from a CA can ensure accuracy and avoid costly mistakes.

Who is a CA (Chartered Accountant)?

A Chartered Accountant (CA) is a certified finance expert trained in areas such as accounting, taxation, auditing, and corporate laws. They help businesses navigate complex financial landscapes and comply with statutory norms.

Beyond technical know-how, CAs translate rules into business action. They design accounting systems and controls, prepare accurate financial statements, interpret tax laws (income tax, GST, transfer pricing and international tax issues), and conduct statutory and internal audits to reduce risk. They also support compliance tasks such as preparing ROC filings, tax returns, GST returns, and maintaining books in line with applicable standards.

For startups and MSMEs, they often act as a de facto finance team, building financial models for fundraising, advising on the optimal business structure, preparing due diligence packs for investors, or structuring transactions to be tax-efficient and legally sound.

Why Hire a CA While Setting Up a Company?

Hiring a CA during your company’s setup offers end-to-end support, including:

  • Selecting the right company type (Private Ltd, LLP, Sole Proprietorship, etc.) based on your goals and tax implications

  • Handling registrations like PAN, TAN, GST, and Certificate of Incorporation (COI)

  • Drafting key documents such as the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA)

  • Ensuring tax compliance right from the start

  • Setting up your accounting system tailored to your business

  • Preparing financial statements and projections that appeal to investors and lenders

In short, a CA simplifies the entire process and helps lay a solid foundation for your business growth.

The Legal Requirements for Company Registration

Under the Companies Act, 2013, company registration involves the following key legal steps:

  • Selecting your business structure

  • Obtaining a Digital Signature Certificate (DSC) for directors

  • Filing the SPICe+ (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company electronically Plus) form with the MCA

  • Preparing and submitting the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA)

  • Applying for Permanent Account Number (PAN) and Tax Deduction and Collection Account Number (TAN) for tax purposes

While none of these steps legally require a CA, professional guidance can help avoid errors, delays, or non-compliance issues that could cost you in penalties or missed opportunities.

Benefits of Hiring a CA for Company Registration

  • Expert handling of complex regulatory and tax matters
  • Reduced chances of filing errors and rejections
  • Better financial and tax planning from day one
  • Time savings and peace of mind

That said, if you decide not to hire a CA, you can always use online platforms that provide comprehensive company registration services, guiding you through each step seamlessly and at competitive prices.

When is a CA Essential for Company Registration?

While not mandatory, involving a CA becomes essential in specific situations such as:

  • Registering complex entities like Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) registration, sole proprietorship registration companies with foreign directors
  • Preparing detailed financial projections and business plans for funding
  • Ensuring strict tax and GST compliance, especially if your business deals with multiple states or international transactions
  • Handling annual compliances post-registration, including audits and tax filings

In such cases, a CA’s expertise is crucial to keep your business compliant and financially sound.

Can You Register a Company Without a CA?

Absolutely! Company registration is possible without a CA, especially through the MCA’s online portal designed for entrepreneurs to file their incorporation documents directly. The process has been simplified over the years, making it more accessible than ever.

However, registering without professional help means you need to be very thorough with legal and financial nuances. Using an online platform that manages the end-to-end registration process can be a smart alternative- these platforms often offer packages that include form filing, document drafting, and government liaison, all without the higher fees of a traditional CA.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

Do freelancers need to register a company in India?

No, freelancers in India do not need to register a company to work legally. You can operate as an individual under your own name using your PAN card and file your income tax returns as a self-employed professional.

What does a CA do for a company?

A Chartered Accountant (CA) provides end-to-end financial and compliance services for a company, including:

  • Choosing the right business structure during setup
  • Company incorporation and registrations (PAN, TAN, GST, etc.)
  • Bookkeeping and accounting as per legal standards
  • Tax planning and filing (Income Tax, GST)
  • Statutory audits and financial reporting
  • Advising on cost control, cash flow, and budgets
  • Assisting in fundraising by preparing investor-ready financials
  • Ensuring compliance with corporate laws under the Companies Act, 2013

In short, a CA ensures that your business remains financially healthy, compliant, and investor-ready.

Which CA is highly paid?

The highest-paid Chartered Accountants in India are usually those who:

  • Work in big consulting firms (like the Big 4- Deloitte, PwC, EY, KPMG) in senior positions
  • Serve as Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) or Finance Heads in large corporations
  • Specialise in niche, high-demand areas such as:
    • International taxation
    • Mergers & acquisitions (M&A) advisory
    • Forensic auditing
    • Risk and compliance management for large banks and multinationals

Build a strong independent practice serving high-net-worth individuals, big corporations, or startups in funding and IPO stages

Mukesh Goyal

Mukesh Goyal is a startup enthusiast and problem-solver, currently leading the Rize Company Registration Charter at Razorpay, where he’s helping simplify the way early-stage founders start and scale their businesses. With a deep understanding of the regulatory and operational hurdles that startups face, Mukesh is at the forefront of building founder-first experiences within India’s growing startup ecosystem.

An alumnus of FMS Delhi, Mukesh cracked CAT 2016 with a perfect 100 percentile- a milestone that opened new doors and laid the foundation for a career rooted in impact, scale, and community.

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Basanth Verma
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We would recommend Razorpay Rize incorporation services to any founder without a second doubt. The process was beyond efficient and show's razorpay founder's commitment and vision to truly help entrepreneur's and early stage startups to get them incorporated with ease. If you wanna get incorporated, pick them. Thanks for the help Razorpay.

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We just got incorporated yesterday.
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