The PRISM Scheme

May 7, 2024
Private Limited Company vs. Limited Liability Partnerships

Promoting Innovations in Individuals, Startups, and MSMEs (PRISM) is a program that offers grants, technical support, and mentorship to individual innovators, including students, guiding them through each stage of incubating their ideas into new enterprises.

Description Who is it for? Benefits
To provide grants, technical advice, and mentorship to individual innovators, guiding them through the various stages of incubating their ideas until they transform into viable enterprises For Innovators in the technology area Upto INR 2,00,000 or 90% of the approved project cost for prototype or model development
The essentials of US Incorporations - documents, eligibility and process.

This grant-aid support is implemented in phases:

  • Phase-1
    Category 1: For Proof of concept/prototype/models
    Category 2: For fabrication of working model/ process know-how/testing & trail/ patenting/ technology transfer, etc.
  • Phase-2
    For scaling up technology-based innovations, including patenting/design registration/trademark registry/ technology transfer to develop a marketable product/process towards enterprise creation.

Table of Contents

Eligibility

  • For PRISM Phase-1:
    Any Indian citizen, including student innovators, can avail support to develop their novel ideas into demonstrable models/prototypes.
  • For PRISM Phase-2:
    PRISM innovators who have demonstrated success or innovators who have proven their concepts with assistance from other government institutions or agencies.

Eligible Sectors for the Scheme

The proposals are encouraged to focus on sectors such as

  • Green Technology
  • Clean Energy
  • Industrial Smart Materials
  • Waste to Wealth
  • Affordable Healthcare
  • Water & Sewage Management
  • Other technology or knowledge-intensive areas.

Application procedure for Startups

  • Submit your project proposal following the prescribed format to the nearest TePP Outreach cum Cluster Innovation Centres (TOCICs). Here’s a list of TOCICs in India.
  • Once received, TOCIC coordinators will review proposals for completeness and forward them further.
  • Domain Knowledge Experts associated with TOCIC will then assess the proposals.
  • Evaluated proposals are forwarded to DSIR for further action and reviewed by the PRISM Advisory and Screening Committee (PASC) for recommendation.
  • Upon Department approval, "Terms & Conditions" must be signed before grants-in-aid release.
  • Initial fund release is based on project milestones and PASC recommendations. Subsequent releases depend on project progress evaluated by the Project Review Committee (PRC).
  • TOCIC and network partners, along with technical experts, will monitor approved projects.
  • TOCIC will provide project status reports to DSIR every 3 months, while PRCs will review project progress at least once every 9 months.
  • Upon successful project completion, the DSIR will accept the project completion report based on PRC recommendation.

Benefits of the PRISM Scheme

The PRISM Scheme includes various phases designed to support innovators in different stages of their project development. Each phase may involve different levels of support, resources, and guidance tailored to the specific needs of innovators.

  • For Phase-1:
    Category 1: Maximum support within this category is capped at INR 2,00,000 or 90% of the approved project cost, whichever is less.
    Category 2: Maximum support is limited to 20.00 lakh or 90% of the total project cost, whichever is lower.
  • For Phase-2:
    For projects with costs ranging from INR 5 Lakhs to INR 35 Lakhs, maximum support of either INR 20 Lakhs or 90% of the total project cost (whichever is lower) is provided.

Please note: If the project beneficiaries abandon the project, innovators must reimburse the funding disbursed, along with a 12% interest rate, to the DSIR.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Private Limited Company
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1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the objective of the PRISM Scheme?

The PRISM Scheme aims to encourage innovation, research, and development activities among individuals, startups, and MSMEs by providing financial support and fostering a conducive ecosystem for growth and experimentation.

Can individuals or only organizations apply for the PRISM Scheme?

Both individuals and organizations, including startups and MSMEs, are eligible to apply for the PRISM Scheme as long as they meet the eligibility criteria outlined by the scheme.

Are there any specific criteria for project selection under the PRISM Scheme?

Projects are selected based on criteria such as innovation quotient, technical feasibility, market potential, scalability, and socio-economic impact.

Do projects funded under the PRISM Scheme get evaluated later?

Projects funded under the PRISM Scheme are subject to regular monitoring and evaluation to ensure compliance with project milestones, utilization of funds, and achievement of desired outcomes.

Related Posts

Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) for Startups | Razorpay Rize

Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) for Startups | Razorpay Rize

The Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) is a NITI Aayog initiative that seeks to bring together women from various parts of the country through a unified access portal to help them realize their entrepreneurial aspirations.

Description Who is it for? Benefits
To promote women entrepreneurship in the country by empowering them through financial aid and mentoring For Women Entrepreneurs Apart from providing incubation & acceleration, this scheme offers mentorship and financial and marketing assistance.

It is built on three foundation pillars: Iccha Shakti, Karma Shakti, and Gyaan Shakti.

Table of Contents

Iccha Shakti

Encourages aspiring entrepreneurs to kickstart their business ventures.

Gyaan Shakti

Offers knowledge and ecosystem support to women entrepreneurs, nurturing entrepreneurship.

Karma Shakti

Provides practical assistance to entrepreneurs in establishing and expanding their businesses.

Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)

It specifically provides access to programs for

  • Incubation and acceleration
  • Entrepreneurship skilling and mentorship
  • Marketing assistance
  • Funding and financial assistance
  • Compliance and tax assistance
  • Community and networking

Eligibility

Any woman entrepreneur with an established or new startup or just a business idea can benefit from this scheme.

Application procedure for Startups

  • Visit https://wep.gov.in/.
  • Click on the “Register” button on the homepage. Following this, a registration form will appear on the screen.
  • Fill in all the details and click on the “Register” button at the bottom of the page.
  • After completing registration, a page will appear asking for “Areas of Interest” and relevant fields.
  • Fill in all the Personal Information, Business Information, and Educational information. Keep in mind that the fields might vary depending on the area of interest you are choosing.
  • Successful submission of details leads you to become a member of the WEP and grants you access to several benefits.
Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP)

Benefits of the WEP

WEP actively hosts a wide range of events as a platform, providing resources and promoting entrepreneurial communities.

  • It provides monetary assistance, including seed capital, growth capital, line of credit( LOC), and non-credit support.
  • Promotion of offline initiatives and outreach programs by partnering with other organizations.
  • Incubation and acceleration support to startups founded or co-founded by women entrepreneurs registered with the program.
  • Identification of skill gaps and providing online/offline training on these aspects.
  • Marketing and networking support to early-stage or established entities
  • Compliance services to registered users, which provides them with the essential tools to adhere to legal compliances, perform registrations, furnish accounts, make loan applications, provide license counseling, and so on.
  • A like-minded community to understand the true spirit of entrepreneurship and the way forward.

To provide better support, WEP has tied up with some Fortune companies like CRISIL, Facebook, SIDBI, NASSCOM, DICE, FICCI, Mann Foundations, Shopclues, CII, and many others. The fortunes will play a key role in developing different skill sets important for a robust entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Register your business
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Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the objectives of the Women Entrepreneurship Platform?

The primary objectives of the Women Entrepreneurship Platform include empowering women entrepreneurs, facilitating networking and collaboration, providing access to resources and support, and promoting innovation and sustainability in women-led businesses.

Is there any cost associated with joining the WEP?

No, there is typically no cost associated with joining the WEP. It is a free initiative aimed at supporting and promoting women entrepreneurship in India.

Are there any sector limits on the WEP?

No, the WEP is open to women entrepreneurs from all industries and sectors, including technology, manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, retail, and services.

FSSAI Registration and License Process Explained

FSSAI Registration and License Process Explained

If you’re running a food business in India, chances are you’ve heard about FSSAI. But what exactly is it, and why is it so important? FSSAI stands for the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India- the apex regulatory body responsible for ensuring food safety and hygiene standards across the country.

For any food-related business operating in India, obtaining an FSSAI registration or license is mandatory. This ensures that the business complies with the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, enhancing consumer trust and legal credibility.

In this blog, we’ll walk you through everything you need to know about FSSAI, from types of licenses and who needs them, to how to apply, what documents you need, and even penalties if you don’t comply.

Table of Contents

FSSAI Registration

FSSAI Registration is the basic license issued to small-scale food businesses by the state food safety authorities. It applies primarily to small food business operators (FBOs) whose turnover falls below a certain threshold and who operate within a single state.

This registration is essential to legally operate a food business and ensures compliance with food safety norms. However, for larger businesses or those operating across multiple states, an upgraded license (State or Central License) is required.

Food Business Operators Who Need FSSAI Registration?

The following food businesses typically require FSSAI Registration:

  • Small Manufacturers: Small-scale producers of food items with limited turnover.
  • Transporters: Entities involved in the transportation of food within the state.
    Retailers: Small shops, grocery stores, or vendors selling food products directly to consumers.
  • Small Food Businesses: Street food vendors, hawkers, or home-based food businesses.
  • Medium Food Businesses: Hotels, Restaurants & Bars

Types of FSSAI Registration

Beyond legal compliance, filing ITR offers several advantages:

Type of License Turnover Limit Operational Scale Issued By
Basic Registration Up to INR 12 Lakhs annually Small food businesses within one state State authority
State License INR 12 Lakhs to 20 Crores Medium-sized businesses operating within a state State authority
Central License Above INR 20 Crores Large businesses, importers, exporters and interstate operations Central authority

Benefits of Obtaining an FSSAI Food License

Obtaining an FSSAI license offers multiple advantages:

  • Consumer Trust: Shows commitment to food safety, increasing customer confidence.
  • Legal Compliance: Avoids penalties and legal issues by following regulations.
  • Business Expansion: Facilitates scaling operations across states and international markets.
  • Brand Credibility: Enhances brand image by adhering to recognised safety standards.
  • Access to New Markets: Many retailers and e-commerce platforms require FSSAI certification.

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FSSAI Registration Eligibility

Below is the eligibility criteria for FSSAI registration:

  • Annual turnover up to ₹12 lakhs.
  • Operates only within a single state.
  • Includes small-scale manufacturers, traders, retailers, hawkers, and temporary stall owners.

FSSAI License Eligibility

Businesses requiring State or Central Licenses typically fulfil these conditions:

  • Annual turnover between ₹12 lakhs and ₹20 Crores (State License).
  • Annual turnover exceeding ₹20 crores (Central License).
  • Operations across multiple states or involved in import/export.
  • Large-scale food processors and manufacturers.

Food Capacity Limit Required for Obtaining FSSAI Registration

License Type Production/Handling Capacity
Basic Registration Up to 100 kg or 100 litres per day
State License Between 100 kg/litres to 2 tons per day
Central License Above 2 tons per day

Note: These limits may vary based on specific food categories and local regulations.

Documents Required for Obtaining the FSSAI Registration/License

Common documents needed include:

  • Identity Proof (Aadhar, PAN Card)
  • Address Proof of Business Premises (Rent Agreement/Utility Bill)
  • Passport-sized Photographs of the Applicant
  • Certificate of Incorporation (for companies)
  • Food Safety Management Plan or Statement of Food Products
  • NOC from the local municipality or health department
  • Proof of possession of premises (ownership or lease)

How to Apply for FSSAI Registration Online?

Applying for an FSSAI Registration or License online is a straightforward process — and the best part is, you can do it all from the comfort of your home or office.

Step 1: Visit the Official FSSAI Website

Head over to the official Food Safety Compliance System (FoSCoS) portal: https://foodlicensing.fssai.gov.in

Step 2: Create an Account

Click on “Sign Up” and fill in your details like name, mobile number, email ID, and state of operation. Once registered, you’ll receive login credentials via email or phone.

Step 3: Fill in the Application Form

After logging in, choose the appropriate license type based on your business size and turnover (Basic, State, or Central). Then, fill in the required details such as:

  • Business name and address
  • Type of food business (manufacturer, distributor, caterer, etc.)
  • Contact information
  • Business turnover and food handling capacity

Step 4: Upload Required Documents

Upload scanned copies of all the necessary documents.

Step 5: Pay the Application Fee

Once the form is complete and documents are uploaded, proceed to pay the applicable fee online. The amount depends on the license type and duration selected (1–5 years).

Step 6: Submit the Application

Double-check all details before clicking “Submit”. Once submitted, you’ll receive an application reference number which you can use to track your status.

Step 7: Track Your Application Status

Use the “Track Application” feature on the dashboard to monitor progress. You’ll receive notifications if additional info or documents are required.

Once submitted, your application will be reviewed by the local food safety officer. They may conduct a physical inspection (for licenses) or approve the application directly (for Basic Registrations). Upon approval, you’ll receive your FSSAI certificate online.

FSSAI License Cost & Validity

License Type Fee Structure Validity
Basic Registration INR 100 per year 1 to 5 years
State License INR 2000 to 5000 per year 1 to 5 years
Central License INR 7500 per year 1 to 5 years

Costs may vary based on license duration and type.

FSSAI Registration Status

How to Check Status:

  1. Visit the FSSAI portal.
  2. Log in using registered credentials.
  3. Navigate to the “Application Status” section.
  4. Enter your Application/Registration number.
  5. View the current status (Pending, Approved, Rejected).

FSSAI Penalty and Offences

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) takes food safety very seriously — and rightly so. Non-compliance can lead to hefty penalties, legal action, or even imprisonment, depending on the nature and severity of the offense.

Here’s a breakdown of common offences under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, and their corresponding penalties:

Offense Penalty
Operating without a license Fines up to ₹5 lakh or jail time
Selling adulterated or misbranded food Fines up to ₹10 lakh
Selling unsafe or substandard food Imprisonment and fines
Not following food safety standards Penalties depend on the violation

Renewal of FSSAI License

Renew your license at least 30 days before it expires. The process is similar to applying for a fresh — just log in, fill out renewal forms, upload updated documents, and pay the fees. Missing renewal deadlines can lead to fines or even suspension of your license.

FSSAI License for Cloud Kitchen

Cloud kitchens, operating without a physical dine-in space, are also required to obtain FSSAI licenses. Typically, they fall under:

  • Basic Registration: If turnover and scale are small.
    State License: For larger cloud kitchens with higher turnover.

The application process is the same, focusing on food safety management specific to cloud kitchens.

Conclusion

FSSAI registration and licensing are essential for any food business in India. They help keep your customers safe, build your brand, and keep you on the right side of the law.

So, if you're running any kind of food business, be it a small catering outfit, a packaged snack brand, or an export-oriented manufacturing unit, FSSAI must be part of your growth strategy. It’s a small step toward compliance, ensuring that you’re meeting the highest standards of food safety and hygiene.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Register your business
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Register your Private Limited Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
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Register your One Person Company in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Business starting at just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business
rize image

Register your Limited Liability Partnership in just 1,499 + Govt. Fee

Register your business

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


One Person Company
(OPC)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Freelancers, Small-scale businesses
  • Businesses looking for minimal compliance
  • Businesses looking for single-ownership

Private Limited Company
(Pvt. Ltd.)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Service-based businesses
  • Businesses looking to issue shares
  • Businesses seeking investment through equity-based funding


Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP)

1,499 + Govt. Fee
BEST SUITED FOR
  • Professional services 
  • Firms seeking any capital contribution from Partners
  • Firms sharing resources with limited liability 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between an FSSAI license and registration?

Proprietorship compliance refers to the set of legal, financial, and tax-related requirements that a sole proprietorship must fulfil. This includes:

  • FSSAI Registration is for small food businesses with an annual turnover of up to ₹12 lakh. It’s a basic registration issued by the State Authority.
  • An FSSAI License is required for larger businesses and is categorised into:
    • State License (₹12 lakh–₹20 crore turnover, within one state)
    • Central License (above ₹20 crore turnover or interstate operations)

Is GST compulsory for an FSSAI license?

No, GST is not mandatory to obtain an FSSAI license or registration. However, for certain food businesses, especially those that sell online or supply to other businesses, having a GST registration can be beneficial or even required.

Who is eligible for FSSAI?

Any Food Business Operator (FBO) involved in manufacturing, processing, storing, distributing, or selling food in India is eligible and required to get FSSAI registration or a license. This includes:

  • Home-based food sellers
  • Restaurants, cafes, and cloud kitchens
  • Food processors and repackers
  • Online food sellers
  • Importers/exporters of food products

What is What is the minimum turnover for an FSSAI license?the turnover limit for a proprietorship?

  • Basic FSSAI Registration: Turnover up to ₹12 lakh/year
  • State License: Turnover between ₹12 lakh and ₹20 crore/year
  • Central License: Turnover above ₹20 crore/year or operating in multiple states

Is an FSSAI license mandatory for small businesses?

Yes. Even small food businesses, such as home kitchens, hawkers, and petty retailers, must obtain Basic FSSAI Registration. It's a legal requirement under the FSS Act, 2006, to ensure food safety.

What is the fee for an FSSAI license for 5 years?

Fees depend on the type of license:

  • Basic Registration: ₹100/year
  • State License: ₹2,000 to ₹5,000/year
  • Central License: ₹7,500/year

Is an FSSAI license mandatory for a home kitchen?

Yes, if you are preparing food at home for commercial sale (e.g., home tiffin services, catering), you must register with FSSAI under Basic Registration.

How can I check if my FSSAI license is real or fake?

Yes, if you are preparing food at home for commercial sale (e.g., home tiffin services, catering), you must register with FSSAI under Basic Registration.

  • Visit the FSSAI License Check Portal
  • Enter your FSSAI License or Registration Number to verify details like:
    • Business name
    • Validity
    • Type of license
    • Status (Active/Expired)

Akash Goel

Akash Goel is an experienced Company Secretary specializing in startup compliance and advisory across India. He has worked with numerous early and growth-stage startups, supporting them through critical funding rounds involving top VCs like Matrix Partners, India Quotient, Shunwei, KStart, VH Capital, SAIF Partners, and Pravega Ventures.

His expertise spans Secretarial compliance, IPR, FEMA, valuation, and due diligence, helping founders understand how startups operate and the complexities of legal regulations.

Read more
Private Company Vs Public Company: Key Differences Explained

Private Company Vs Public Company: Key Differences Explained

Are you an aspiring entrepreneur looking to start your own business? One of the crucial decisions you'll need to make is whether to structure your company as a private or public entity. Understanding the difference between private company and public company is essential for entrepreneurs, businessmen, and investors as it impacts ownership structure, funding, regulations, and operational transparency. 

Entrepreneurs and businessmen can choose the right structure for growth and compliance while investors evaluate risks, liquidity, and returns. Public companies are listed on stock exchanges, allowing easier capital access but with stricter compliance and disclosure requirements. 

Private companies offer more control and flexibility but limited fundraising options. This knowledge helps stakeholders make informed decisions regarding growth strategies, ultimately aligning their goals with the company's structure.

In this article, we'll dive deep into the characteristics of a private company and a public company, highlighting their key features, advantages, and differences. By the end, you'll have a clear understanding of which structure suits your venture best.

Table of Contents

What is a Public Company?

A public company, also known as a publicly traded company, is a corporation whose shares are freely bought and sold by the public on stock exchanges or over-the-counter markets. Key aspects of a public company include:

  • Unlimited number of shareholders.
  • Shares are publicly traded and easily transferable.
  • Must issue a prospectus before offering shares to the public.
  • Strict disclosure and reporting requirements.
  • Ability to raise substantial capital through public markets.
  • Governed by a board of directors responsible to shareholders.

Public companies must comply with stringent regulations set by securities commission like the the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). These regulations ensure transparency, protect investor interests, and maintain market integrity.

Features of Public Limited Company

  1. Free transferability of shares: Shares can be freely bought and sold on stock exchanges, providing liquidity to investors.
  2. No limit on number of shareholders: There is no restriction on the maximum number of shareholders a public company can have.
  3. Prospectus requirement: Public companies must issue a prospectus before offering shares to the public, disclosing key information about the company.
  4. Public disclosure of financials: Public companies are required to publicly disclose their financial statements on a regular basis.
  5. Strict compliance norms: Public companies are subject to stringent regulations and disclosure requirements set by governing bodies like SEBI.
  6. Access to capital markets: Public companies can raise substantial funds from a large pool of investors through various securities like IPOs, FPOs, rights issues and preferential allotments.
  7. Listing on stock exchanges: The shares of public companies are listed and traded on recognised stock exchanges.

What is a Private Company?

A private company, also referred to as a privately held company, is a business entity whose shares are not publicly traded. Ownership is closely held by a limited group of shareholders, such as founders, family members and private investors. Key characteristics of a private company include:

  • Limited to a maximum of 200 shareholders
  • Shares are privately owned and not freely transferable
  • Minimal disclosure requirements and greater privacy
  • Raising capital through private means like angel investors or venture capital
  • Closely controlled and managed by founders and early investors

Private companies have more flexibility in their operations and decision-making as they are not subject to the same level of public scrutiny and regulatory oversight as public companies.

Features of Private Company

  1. Restricted share transfer: Shares of a private company cannot be freely transferred and are subject to restrictions outlined in the company's articles of association.
  2. Limited number of shareholders: Private companies can have a maximum of 200 shareholders.
  3. No prospectus requirement: Private companies are not required to issue a prospectus to the public for raising funds.
  4. Confidentiality of financial information: The financial statements of private companies are not publicly disclosed and remain confidential.
  5. Fewer compliance requirements: Private companies have lesser compliance and regulatory filing requirements compared to public companies.
  6. Flexibility in management: Private companies have greater flexibility in their management structure and decision-making processes.
  7. No requirement for a statutory meeting: Private companies are not required to hold a statutory meeting or file a statutory report.

Public Company Vs Private Company

Following are the key differences between public and private companies:

Parameter Public Company Private Company
Ownership Shares are owned by the general public and can be freely traded on stock exchanges Shares are privately held by a limited number of shareholders
Share Transfer Shares can be freely transferred without restrictions Share transfer is restricted and subject to the consent of other shareholders or the company's articles
Number of Shareholders No limit on the number of shareholders Limited to a maximum of 200 shareholders
Prospectus Must issue a prospectus before offering shares to the public Not required to issue a prospectus for raising funds
Financial Disclosure Required to publicly disclose financial statements and reports Financial statements are not publicly disclosed
Compliance Subject to stringent compliance and regulatory requirements Fewer compliance requirements and regulatory filings
Access to Capital Can raise substantial funds from the public through capital markets Relies on private funding sources and has limited access to public capital
Management Separation of ownership and management, leading to potential agency problems Greater control and flexibility in management and decision-making
Valuation Determined by the market price of shares on stock exchanges Difficult to value in the absence of a public market for shares
Liquidity Shares are liquid and can be easily bought or sold on stock exchanges Shares are illiquid and not easily transferable

The choice between operating as a public or private company depends on various factors such as the company's capital requirements, desired level of control and flexibility, willingness to disclose financial information, and long-term objectives.

Can A Public Company Convert into a Private Company and Vice Versa?

Yes, a public company can be converted into a private company and vice versa, subject to certain conditions and procedures outlined in the Companies Act 2013.

To convert a public company into a private company, the following steps need to be taken:

  1. Pass a special resolution in a general meeting of the company to approve the conversion.
  2. Alter the company's memorandum and articles of association to reflect the changes required for a private company.
  3. File an application with the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) for approval of the conversion.
  4. Obtain approval from the NCLT after considering any objections or suggestions from regulatory authorities or other stakeholders.
  5. File the NCLT order approving the conversion with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days.
  6. The ROC will issue a fresh certificate of incorporation reflecting the company's status as a private company.

Similarly, a private company can be converted into a public company by following these steps:

  1. Pass a special resolution in a general meeting of the company to approve the conversion.
  2. Alter the company's memorandum and articles of association to comply with the requirements of a public company.
  3. Increase the number of directors to the minimum required for a public company (3 directors).
  4. File an application with the ROC for approval of the conversion.
  5. Obtain approval from the ROC after ensuring compliance with all the necessary provisions.
  6. The ROC will issue a fresh certificate of incorporation reflecting the company's status as a public company.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between private and public companies is crucial for entrepreneurs, investors and other stakeholders. While public companies offer the advantage of access to public capital and liquidity for shareholders, they also face stricter compliance requirements and public scrutiny. On the other hand, private companies provide greater control and flexibility to shareholders but have limitations in raising capital and providing liquidity to investors.

Regardless of the choice, both private and public companies play vital roles in the economy, driving innovation, creating jobs, and contributing to overall economic growth. Understanding their distinct characteristics and the implications of each structure is essential for navigating the complex world of business and making sound decisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is a Public company?

A public company is a business entity whose shares can be freely bought and sold by the general public on stock exchanges. These companies are subject to stringent regulations and are required to disclose their financial information regularly.

What is a private company?

A private company is a business entity that is privately held and does not offer its shares to the general public. The ownership of a private company is limited to a small group of shareholders, and the shares are subject to transfer restrictions.

Can private limited companies issue shares?

Yes, private limited companies can issue shares to their existing shareholders or to new investors. However, the transfer of these shares is restricted and subject to the consent of other shareholders or the company's articles of association.

Is it better to be a private company or a public company?

The choice between being a private or public company depends on various factors such as the company's capital requirements, desired level of control and flexibility, willingness to disclose financial information, and long-term objectives. Each structure has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the decision should be based on a careful evaluation of the company's specific needs and goals.

Is it easier for public companies to raise capital than it is for private companies?

Yes, public companies generally have an easier time raising capital compared to private companies. 

Public companies can access a larger pool of investors by offering their shares to the general public through capital markets. They can raise substantial funds through various means, such as initial public offerings (IPOs), follow-on public offerings (FPOs), rights issues and preferential allotments. 

Private companies, on the other hand, rely on private funding sources such as promoter capital, venture capital, private equity, and debt financing, which can be more limited and challenging to secure.

Who can invest in a private company?

Investment in a private company is typically limited to a small group of shareholders, which may include the founders, family members, friends, and private investors such as angel investors, venture capitalists, and private equity firms. 

These investors are often accredited and have a higher risk tolerance compared to the general public. The shares of a private company are not freely traded on stock exchanges and are subject to transfer restrictions outlined in the company's articles of association or shareholder agreements.

Mukesh Goyal

Mukesh Goyal is a startup enthusiast and problem-solver, currently leading the Rize Company Registration Charter at Razorpay, where he’s helping simplify the way early-stage founders start and scale their businesses. With a deep understanding of the regulatory and operational hurdles that startups face, Mukesh is at the forefront of building founder-first experiences within India’s growing startup ecosystem.

An alumnus of FMS Delhi, Mukesh cracked CAT 2016 with a perfect 100 percentile- a milestone that opened new doors and laid the foundation for a career rooted in impact, scale, and community.

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